What is HTML?

In order to begin to write HTML, it helps if you know what you are writing.

HTML is the language in which most websites are written. HTML is used to create pages and make them functional.

Source cod in HTML from www.digit-platform.ro

The code used to make them visually appealing is known as CSS and we shall focus on this in a later tutorial. For now, we will focus on teaching you how to build rather than design.

The History of HTML

HTML was first created by Tim Berners-Lee, Robert Cailliau, and others starting in 1989. It stands for Hyper Text Markup Language.

Hypertext means that the document contains links that allow the reader to jump to other places in the document or to another document altogether. The latest version is known as HTML5.

A Markup Language is a way that computers speak to each other to control how text is processed and presented. To do this HTML uses two things: tags and attributes.

Tags and Attributes

What are Tags and Attributes?

Tags and attributes are the basis of HTML.

They work together but perform different functions – it is worth investing 2 minutes in differentiating the two.

What Are HTML Tags?

Tags are used to mark up the start of an HTML element and they are usually enclosed in angle brackets. An example of a tag is: <h1>.

Most tags must be opened <h1> and closed </h1> in order to function.

Examples:

What are HTML Attributes?

Attributes contain additional pieces of information. Attributes take the form of an opening tag and additional info is placed inside.

An example of an attribute is:

In this instance, the image source (src) and the alt text (alt) are attributes of the <img> tag.

Golden Rules To Remember

The vast majority of tags must be opened (<tag>) and closed (</tag>) with the element information such as a title or text resting between the tags.

When using multiple tags, the tags must be closed in the order in which they were opened. For example:

<strong><em>This is really important!</em></strong>

HTML Editors

Now that we’ve gotten the basic theory out of the way. It’s time to learn how to build our first website.

First off, we must ensure that we have the right tools. Most important, we need an HTML editor.

There are many choices on the market. Here are a handful of the most popular:

· Sublime Text 3

· Notepad ++

· Komodo Edit

· Visual Code

Sublime Text 3

However, for this tutorial, we will use the Sublime Text 3 as it is free and also offers cross-platform support for Windows, Mac, and Linux users.

Sublime Text 3 has a mini-preview window on the right.

Pros

· Easily customizable

· Beginner-friendly

· Pleasant color schemes to choose from.

· Sublime Text can now utilize your GPU on Linux, Mac and Windows when rendering the interface. This results in a fluid UI all the way up to 8K resolutions, all while using less power than before.

· The Default and Adaptive themes have been refreshed with new tab styles and inactive pane dimming. Themes and Color Schemes support auto dark-mode switching. The Adaptive theme on Windows and Linux now features custom title bars.

· Support for one of the most popular new programming languages is now shipped by default. Utilize all of the smart syntax-based features of Sublime Text within the modern JavaScript ecosystem.

· The syntax highlighting engine has been significantly improved, with new features like handling non-deterministic grammars, multi-line constructs, lazy embeds and syntax inheritance. Memory usage has been reduced, and load times are faster than ever.

Cons

· Can’t print documents or code

· No toolbar or dashboard available.

Notepad ++

Notepad++ is a free (as in “free speech” and also as in “free beer”) source code editor and Notepad replacement that supports several languages. Running in the MS Windows environment, its use is governed by GNU General Public License.

Based on the powerful editing component Scintilla, Notepad++ is written in C++ and uses pure Win32 API and STL which ensures a higher execution speed and smaller program size. By optimizing as many routines as possible without losing user friendliness, Notepad++ is trying to reduce the world carbon dioxide emissions. When using less CPU power, the PC can throttle down and reduce power consumption, resulting in a greener environment.

Pros

· Distraction-free interface

· Auto-completion feature

· Plugin options for extended functionalities.

Cons

· Can be difficult to get used to for beginners

· No support for Mac.

Komodo Edit

Komodo Edit is one of two editors released by the same label. They offer a simple, open-source editor with a variety of extensions and language support.

It is free to download.

Komodo Editor Komodo isn’t one for a flash interface either but is simple to use.

Pros

· Easy-to-grasp coding interface

· Available for Mac, Windows, and Linux

· Impressive language support.

Cons

· No autocompletion by default

· Visual settings are difficult to find and change.

Creating Your First HTML Webpage

First off, you need to open your HTML editor, where you will find a clean white page on which to write your code.

From there you need to layout your page with the following tags.

Basic Construction of an HTML Page

These tags should be placed underneath each other at the top of every HTML page that you create.

<!DOCTYPE html> — This tag specifies the language you will write on the page. In this case, the language is HTML 5.

<html> — This tag signals that from here on we are going to write in HTML code.

<head> — This is where all the metadata for the page goes — stuff mostly meant for search engines and other computer programs.

<body> — This is where the content of the page goes.

Further Tags

Inside the <head> tag, there is one tag that is always included: <title>, but there are others that are just as important:

<title>

This is where we insert the page name as it will appear at the top of the browser window or tab.

<meta>

This is where information about the document is stored: character encoding, name (page context), description.

Let’s try out a basic <head> section

<head>

<title>My first website</title>

<meta charset="UTF-8">

<meta name="description" content="This is description of my first website">.

<meta name="author" content="Iulian"> </header>

How to adding Content

Next, we will make <body> tag.

The HTML <body> is where we add the content which is designed for viewing by human eyes.

This includes text, images, tables, forms and everything else that we see on the internet each day.

How to Add HTML Headings To Your Web Page

In HTML, headings are written in the following elements:

As you might have guessed <h1> and <h2> should be used for the most important titles, while the remaining tags should be used for sub-headings and less important text.

Search engine bots use this order when deciphering which information is most important on a page

My first Heading

On a new line in the HTML editor, type:

<h1>Welcome to My Page</h1>

And hit save. We will save this file as “index.html” in a new folder called “My website.”

My first Text in HTML

Adding text to our HTML page is simple using an element opened with the tag <p> which creates a new paragraph. We place all of our regular text inside the element <p>.

When we write text in HTML, we also have a number of other elements we can use to control the text or make it appear in a certain way.

Other Key Elements

They are as follows:

Element	Meaning	Purpose
<b>	Bold	Highlight important information
<strong>	Strong	Similarly to bold, to highlight key text
<i>	Italic	To denote text
<em>	Emphasised Text	Usually used as image captions
<mark>	Marked Text	Highlight the background of the text
<small>	Small Text	To shrink the text
<strike>	Striked Out Text	To place a horizontal line across the text
<u>	Underlined Text	Used for links or text highlights
<ins>	Inserted Text	Displayed with an underline to show an inserted text
<sub>	Subscript Text	Typographical stylistic choice
<sup>	Superscript Text	Another typographical presentation style

Don’t forget to open and close around the text in question.

Exemples:

<p>Welcome to <em>my</em> new website. This site will be my

<strong>first<strong> website.</p>

After that, don’t forget to SAVE and REFRESH THE PAGE in your browser to see the all the results.

My first link in HTML

As you may have noticed, the internet is made up of lots of links.

Almost everything you click on while surfing the web is a link takes you to another page within the website you are visiting or to an external site.

Links are included in an attribute opened by the <a> tag. This element is the first that we’ve met which uses an attribute and so it looks different to previously mentioned tags.

The Anchor Tag

The <a> (or anchor) opening tag is written in the format:

The first part of the attribute points to the page that will open once the link is clicked.

Meanwhile, the second part of the attribute contains the text which will be displayed to a visitor in order to entice them to click on that link.

Add my first image in HTML

In today’s modern digital world, images are everything. The <img> tag has everything you need to display images on your site. Much like the <a> anchor element, <img> also contains an attribute.

The attribute features information for your computer regarding the source, height, width and alt text of the image.

You can check the file type of an image by right-clicking the item and selecting ‘Properties’.

You can also define borders and other styles around the image using the class attribute. However, we shall cover this in a later tutorial.

The file types generally used for image files online are: .jpg, .png, and (less and less) .gif.

Alt text is important to ensure that your site is ranked correctly on search sites and also for visually impaired visitors to your site.

The <img> tag normally is written as follows:

<img src="ABISIANA.jpg" alt="Brown Cat" height="20px" width="20px">

Colors in HTML

Colors are very important to give a good look and feel to your website. You can specify colors on page level using <body> tag or you can set colors for individual tags using bgcolor attribute.

The <body> tag has following attributes which can be used to set different colors −

· bgcolor − sets a color for the background of the page.

· text − sets a color for the body text.

· alink − sets a color for active links or selected links.

· link − sets a color for linked text.

· vlink − sets a color for visited links − that is, for linked text that you have already clicked on.

HTML Color Coding Methods

There are following three different methods to set colors in your web page −

· Color names − You can specify color names directly like green, blue or red.

· Hex codes − A six-digit code representing the amount of red, green, and blue that makes up the color.

· Color decimal or percentage values − This value is specified using the rgb( ) property.

Now we will see these coloring schemes one by one.

HTML Colors - Color Names

You can specify direct a color name to set text or background color. W3C has listed 16 basic color names that will validate with an HTML validator but there are over 200 different color names supported by major browsers.

Note − Check a complete list of HTML Color Name.

W3C Standard 16 Colors

Here is the list of W3C Standard 16 Colors names and it is recommended to use them.

Black	Gray	Silver	White
Yellow	Lime	Aqua	Fuchsia
Red	Green	Blue	Purple
Maroon	Olive	Navy	Teal

Set a background color

Example

Here are the examples to set background of an HTML tag by color name

Add a color to a link

<a href ="varietatea pisicilor.html" target="dreapta"><font face="Comic Sans MS" color ="red">Varietatea Pisicilor </font></a></br>

HTML – Fonts

Fonts play a very important role in making a website more user friendly and increasing content readability. Font face and color depends entirely on the computer and browser that is being used to view your page but you can use HTML <font> tag to add style, size, and color to the text on your website. You can use a <basefont> tag to set all of your text to the same size, face, and color.

The font tag is having three attributes called size, color, and face to customize your fonts. To change any of the font attributes at any time within your webpage, simply use the <font> tag. The text that follows will remain changed until you close with the </font> tag. You can change one or all of the font attributes within one <font> tag.

Note −The font and basefont tags are deprecated and it is supposed to be removed in a future version of HTML. So they should not be used rather, it's suggested to use CSS styles to manipulate your fonts. But still for learning purpose, this chapter will explain font and basefont tags in detail.

Example of CSS style

Set Font Size

You can set content font size using size attribute. The range of accepted values is from 1(smallest) to 7(largest). The default size of a font is 3.

Example

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

<title>Setting Font Size</title>

</head>

<body>

</body>

</html>

This will produce the following result −

Font size = "1"
Font size = "2"
Font size = "3"
Font size = "4"
Font size = "5"
Font size = "6"
Font size = "7"

Setting Font Face

You can set font face using face attribute but be aware that if the user viewing the page doesn't have the font installed, they will not be able to see it. Instead user will see the default font face applicable to the user's computer.

Example

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

   <head>

      <title>Font Face</title>

   </head>

   <body>

      <font face = "Times New Roman" size = "5">Times New Roman</font><br />

      <font face = "Verdana" size = "5">Verdana</font><br />

      <font face = "Comic sans MS" size =" 5">Comic Sans MS</font><br />

      <font face = "WildWest" size = "5">WildWest</font><br />

      <font face = "Bedrock" size = "5">Bedrock</font><br />

   </body>

</html>

This will produce the following result –

TimesNewRoman
Verdana
ComicSansMS
WildWest
Bedrock

Setting Font Color

You can set any font color you like using color attribute. You can specify the color that you want by either the color name or hexadecimal code for that color.

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

   <head>

      <title>Setting Font Color</title>

   </head>

   <body>

      <font color = "#FF00FF">This text is in pink</font><br />

      <font color = "red">This text is red</font>

   </body>

</html>

This will produce the following result −

This text is pink
This text is red

Example

HTML – Frames / IFrames

HTML frames are used to divide your browser window into multiple sections where each section can load a separate HTML document. A collection of frames in the browser window is known as a frameset. The window is divided into frames in a similar way the tables are organized: into rows and columns.

Disadvantages of Frames

There are few drawbacks with using frames, so it's never recommended to use frames in your webpages −

· Some smaller devices cannot cope with frames often because their screen is not big enough to be divided up.

· Sometimes your page will be displayed differently on different computers due to different screen resolution.

· The browser's back button might not work as the user hopes.

· There are still few browsers that do not support frame technology.

Creating Frames

To use frames on a page we use <frameset> tag instead of <body> tag. The <frameset> tag defines, how to divide the window into frames. The rows attribute of <frameset> tag defines horizontal frames and cols attribute defines vertical frames. Each frame is indicated by <frame> tag and it defines which HTML document shall open into the frame.

Note − The <frame> tag deprecated in HTML5. Do not use this element.

Example

The <frameset> Tag Attributes

Following are important attributes of the <frameset> tag −

Sr.No	Attribute & Description
1	cols Specifies how many columns are contained in the frameset and the size of each column. You can specify the width of each column in one of the four ways − Absolute values in pixels. For example, to create three vertical frames, use cols = "100, 500, 100". A percentage of the browser window. For example, to create three vertical frames, use cols = "10%, 80%, 10%". Using a wildcard symbol. For example, to create three vertical frames, use cols = "10%, , 10%". In this case wildcard takes remainder of the window. As relative widths of the browser window. For example, to create three vertical frames, use cols = "3, 2, 1". This is an alternative to percentages. You can use relative widths of the browser window. Here the window is divided into sixths: the first column takes up half of the window, the second takes one third, and the third takes one sixth.
2	rows This attribute works just like the cols attribute and takes the same values, but it is used to specify the rows in the frameset. For example, to create two horizontal frames, use rows = "10%, 90%". You can specify the height of each row in the same way as explained above for columns.
3	border This attribute specifies the width of the border of each frame in pixels. For example, border = "5". A value of zero means no border.
4	frameborder This attribute specifies whether a three-dimensional border should be displayed between frames. This attribute takes value either 1 (yes) or 0 (no). For example frameborder = "0" specifies no border.
5	framespacing This attribute specifies the amount of space between frames in a frameset. This can take any integer value. For example framespacing = "10" means there should be 10 pixels spacing between each frames.

Browser Support for Frames

If a user is using any old browser or any browser, which does not support frames then <noframes> element should be displayed to the user.

So you must place a <body> element inside the <noframes> element because the <frameset> element is supposed to replace the <body> element, but if a browser does not understand <frameset> element then it should understand what is inside the <body> element which is contained in a <noframes> element.

You can put some nice message for your user having old browsers. For example, Sorry!! your browser does not support frames. as shown in the above example.

Frame's name and target attributes

One of the most popular uses of frames is to place navigation bars in one frame and then load main pages into a separate frame.

Let's see following example where a test.htm file has following code −

Here, we have created two columns to fill with two frames. The first frame is 251 pixels wide and height 180 px and FRAMEBORD 20, will contain the navigation menu bar implemented by meniu.html file.

The second column fills in remaining space and will contain the main part of the page and it is implemented by acasa.html file.

For all the three links available in menu bar, we have mentioned target frame as main_page, so whenever you click any of the links in menu bar, available link will open in main page.

Following is the content of meniu.html file

Following is the content of acasa.html file −

You can define an inline frame with HTML tag <iframe>. The <iframe> tag is not somehow related to <frameset> tag, instead, it can appear anywhere in your document. The <iframe> tag defines a rectangular region within the document in which the browser can display a separate document, including scrollbars and borders. An inline frame is used to embed another document within the current HTML document.

The src attribute is used to specify the URL of the document that occupies the inline frame.

Example

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

   <head>

      <title>Pisici IFrame</title>

   </head>

   <body>

      <p>Document content here...</p>

      <iframe src = "/pisici/acasa.html" width = "555" height = "200">

         Sorry your browser does not support inline frames.

      </iframe>

      <p>Document content here...</p>

   </body>

</html>

HTML - Style Sheet

Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) describe how documents are presented on screens, in print, or perhaps how they are pronounced. W3C has actively promoted the use of style sheets on the Web since the consortium was founded in 1994.

Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) provide easy and effective alternatives to specify various attributes for the HTML tags. Using CSS, you can specify a number of style properties for a given HTML element. Each property has a name and a value, separated by a colon (:). Each property declaration is separated by a semi-colon (;).

Example

First let's consider an example of HTML document which makes use of <font> tag and associated attributes to specify text color and font size −

Note − The font tag deprecated and it is supposed to be removed in a future version of HTML. So they should not be used rather, it's suggested to use CSS styles to manipulate your fonts. But still for learning purpose, this chapter will work with an example using the font tag.

You can use CSS in three ways in your HTML document −

· External Style Sheet − Define style sheet rules in a separate .css file and then include that file in your HTML document using HTML <link> tag.

· Internal Style Sheet − Define style sheet rules in header section of the HTML document using <style> tag.

· Inline Style Sheet − Define style sheet rules directly along-with the HTML elements using style attribute.

Let's see all the three cases one by one with the help of suitable examples.

External Style Sheet

If you need to use your style sheet to various pages, then its always recommended to define a common style sheet in a separate file. A cascading style sheet file will have extension as .css and it will be included in HTML files using <link> tag.

Example

Consider we define a style sheet file style.css which has following rules −

Here we defined three CSS rules which will be applicable to three different classes defined for the HTML tags. I suggest you should not bother about how these rules are being defined because you will learn them while studying CSS. Now let's make use of the above external CSS file in our following HTML document −

Internal Style Sheet

If you want to apply Style Sheet rules to a single document only, then you can include those rules in header section of the HTML document using <style> tag.

Rules defined in internal style sheet overrides the rules defined in an external CSS file.

Example

Let's re-write above example once again, but here we will write style sheet rules in the same HTML document using <style> tag

Inline Style Sheet

You can apply style sheet rules directly to any HTML element using style attribute of the relevant tag. This should be done only when you are interested to make a particular change in any HTML element only.

Rules defined inline with the element overrides the rules defined in an external CSS file as well as the rules defined in <style> element.

Example

Let's re-write above example once again, but here we will write style sheet rules along with the HTML elements using style attribute of those elements.

Let’s build un website

Download a editor

The first time we have to download an editing program, I recommend the Notepadd++ program, it is easier to use and does not consume many resources. But the best program would be Visual Code, it automatically completes the lines of code.

Access the following link and download the Notepadd++ program

https://notepad-plus-plus.org/downloads

Installing an editing program

After choosing the desired version of the program, download it and then install it. Installing this program is very simple.

The first time we select the language for installation and after that we click on NEXT until the END.

Here we click on NEXT

Here we click to Create Shortcut on Desktop

At the end of the installation, click to uncheck the automatic start of the program and select finish.

Creating our project

After installing an editing program, create a new folder on the desktop with the name of our project and enter it.

Creation of the first page of the site

We open the Notepadd++ program that we installed in the previous step and select from the File menu, the New option or we can press the CTRL + N keys simultaneously to create a new document.

The next step is to save the document in HTML format.

For this, we enter the File menu from the menu again and save the document as HTML in the newly created folder under the name of index.html.

After creating the index.html file, we can already write our code.

To create our website we will follow the documentation above.

<!DOCTYPE html> — This tag specifies the language you will write on the page. In this case, the language is HTML 5.

<html> — This tag signals that from here on we are going to write in HTML code.

<head> — This is where all the metadata for the page goes — stuff mostly meant for search engines and other computer programs.

<body> — This is where the content of the page goes.

Set a background color

All modern browsers support the following 140 color names (click on a color name, or a hex value, to view the color as the background-color along with different text colors):

To set a background for color we use this TAG: <body bgcolor ="red"> and select a color from above or from : https://www.w3schools.com/colors/colors_names.asp

Exemple:

And don’t forget to close this HTML and BODY tags: </html> and </body>

Create first IFrame (Meniu )

To create first IFrame we use <IFRAME > TAG and after that we create a meniu.html document to insert meniu links.

Here we can align the IFrame in center position and we give a name to make more easy to see it and after that we set the dimension with this TAGS: width and height and a FRAMEBORDER to look nice everything.

Create a meniu to website

Firt time we open un editor ( Notepadd++ ) and we make a new file and after that we save him at meniu.html.

In meniu page we add the same TAGS from index.html because is the same website and all page need this TAGS to work perfect.

Adding a space in HTML

To add a space in HTML we use this TAG:   ( no brake space )

Create links in meniu

To create a link in meniu we use : < a href =”page.html”> Pagina </a> TAG and after this tag we use a “TARGET” to open link. This taget is must be same to know in what IFRAME is open.

If we whant to have colors and some style we can use some fonts and colors.

Creating the second IFRAME

To create the second IFRAME we open index.html and add this line after first line with first Iframe.

<IFRAME src="acasa.html" name="main_page" width="1040" height="500" frameborder="10" align="middle"> </IFRAME> and don’t forget to close IFRAME TAG.

Here we can set a dimensions and position to second IFRAME.

Exemple

After we edit a file in NOTEPADD++, don’t forget to SAVE !

Create acasa.HTML page

Open your editor program and create acasa.html file.

After that we copy again first codes with HTML BODY, and other TAGS from another page.

Adding a logo to your website.

A logo may not be the entirety of your brand identity, but it is certainly the most visible and recognizable part of it. As an extension of your company’s purpose and mission, your logo is a powerful and poignant way to represent your business to the world and showcase your abilities, strengths, and what makes you different at a glance. To help you leverage this important symbol as effectively as possible, we’ve put together this guide detailing what a logo is, why it’s so important, and how you can create one of your own.

What is a logo?

A logo is a visual representation of your business, brand, product, or service. Made of colors, shapes, icons, and a typeface, a logo is a consistent presence of your brand across all platforms, both in print and digitally. It helps customers quickly identify your brand.

What is the point of a logo?

While you may not think about your logo — or other company’s logos — every day, the fact that you notice, recognize, and remember them is precisely why they’re important for your business. The three major reasons why you need a logo are:

It helps your company stand out

There is certainly no shortage of competitors out there. A memorable logo ensures that you appear head and shoulders above the others. Similarly, it helps create a great first impression that customers will remember later on when it comes time to buy your products or use your services.

It helps build brand recognition and awareness

Creating brand awareness is the first big hurdle that many companies navigate. After all, how can customers come to your company if they don’t know you’re an option? An identifiable and unique logo helps establish brand awareness by creating a visual representation to which your potential customers can connect and easily remember. This, in turn, builds brand recognition: As your logo continues to make its mark, customers will build connections between the logo they recognize and the products and services you offer.

It communicates key information about your business

As an extension of your brand identity, your logo sums up what your customers need to know about your business. Whether you want to literally represent your offerings or communicate your company’s core values, your logo is a powerful way to reinforce your brand’s purpose across all mediums from business cards to Twitter profiles.

How is a logo used?

Logos appear across a variety of digital and print materials to instantly connect customers to your company. Some places you’ll see a logo used include:

· Business cards: Among the most standard uses for a logo, business cards typically feature logos printed on one or both sides. You can use an online business card maker to easily add your logo and contact information to a modern design that reflects your business.

· Print collateral: Print collateral covers a wide range of materials, such as brochures, flyers, and postcards. Your logo placed prominently on this material immediately associates what’s written on the flyer with your company.

· Website: Whether you work with a website developer or use a service like Namecheap’s Site Maker, your logo is a key way to identify your business online. The logo will be found in several places on the website, including near the menu toward the top and in the footer on the bottom.

· Official communications: A company logo helps identify messages issued formally by your company. This could be a logo on a press release, a presentation, or an investor deck.

· Social media: Across Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and other social media platforms, you can use your logo, or the brand mark portion of your logo (more on that below), to enforce your brand image across the Internet. Take a look at Namecheap’s Facebook page as an example: You’ll find our logo as the main profile photo, easily identifying this page as our official Facebook presence.

Logo examples and what makes them great

Photo by wu yi on Unsplash Photo by Jurij Kenda on Unsplash

Create a logo with Canva

https://www.canva.com/create/logos/

Designing a logo doesn’t have to be daunting. Canva's logo maker provides all of the ingredients you need to create a custom logo, fast – and free. Learn how to design a logo online with ease.

Logo design made easy

Your logo is the face of your business. Start your new venture on the right foot with a professional logo.

No design experience? No problem. Canva’s logo maker and editor is made for non-designers: Simply drag and drop.

When you’re finished, you can download your new logo—or print it on business cards, letterheads and more. The options are endless.